What is rust and is it the worst?
Hey. I'm Melissa.
Jam:And I'm Jam.
Melissa:And I'm a chemist.
Jam:I'm not.
Melissa:And welcome to chemistry for your life.
Jam:The podcast of here to understand the chemistry of your everyday life.
Melissa:Jam, are you ready?
Jam:I think so. What am I getting myself into?
Melissa:You're getting yourself into Rust.
Jam:Oh, that sounds gross. Maybe if I could not, like, literally get into the Rust in any
Melissa:way or I touch
Jam:it. But if it's just more like getting into the topic, then yes, then I'm in.
Melissa:That's what you're doing. You're getting into the topic.
Jam:Okay. Sweet. I'm in. I'm I'm back on.
Melissa:Okay. So last week, we talked about cast iron pans.
Jam:Right. Which was awesome.
Melissa:That was awesome. And I hope all of you are now believers. But one big thing with cast iron pans, what we are protecting them from, all that stuff is for keeping it from rusting. And while I was doing all that research on cast iron pans, a question came back into my mind from the deep, deep caverns. One time I was hanging out in my garage with I I live with a married couple, so the husband was working on his bike, and he said, Hey.
Melissa:Why does vinegar remove rust? And I was like, that's a great question. And then I never did anything at all with it. So it resurfaced in my mind. And then I asked myself, what even really is rest?
Melissa:Yeah. So that's what we're gonna talk about today. So my question for you is, what do you know about Rust? What do you think it is?
Jam:Man. Okay. That's such a great question. I think in my brain, I've heard it's, I mean, we always think of it as when iron is exposed to water, but isn't it really more like Oxygen is what has the effect on the iron crease rust. I don't know what you'd call that, like, what the actual thin material is, if it's iron oxide or something like that.
Melissa:Mhmm.
Jam:But that's what I've heard. Somehow, the water allows like, just leaving it in the open air, It doesn't do that even though there's oxygen around. For some reason, the water does it, but I've never heard why. If I did, I forgot.
Melissa:Great. That's good.
Jam:Any of that close?
Melissa:That's all really close. And I think you have heard about it probably when you took chemistry with miss Pittard Because you should have learned this in 1st semester, maybe 2nd semester, general chemistry.
Jam:Okay. Sweet. That sounds right. I'm assuming that the kind of thing that we would go over and that I would forget.
Melissa:I asked one of my friends, do you know what rust is? And they said, isn't it just oxidized iron? So similar to what you said. Uh-huh. But the question is, what is oxidized iron?
Melissa:How does that happen? Why does oxygen sometimes have an effect and sometimes not, and what does water have to do with it? Right?
Jam:Right. And oxygen's supposed to be good. Like, why is it messing with our iron? You know what I'm saying?
Melissa:Okay. Well, I'll tell you. So what happens When your iron rests is actually known as a redox reaction.
Jam:K.
Melissa:Redox reaction is actually the combination of 2 reactions. 1 is a reduction reaction, and one is an oxidation reaction. So they combine those 2 words to make it redox.
Jam:Oh, gotcha.
Melissa:Redox reaction. Reduction plus oxidation, redox. So both of those are happening at once.
Jam:Okay.
Melissa:And the most basic definition I can give you of a redox reaction is it's just shuffling electrons around to make new things. So remember when we talked about atoms? They have a core center made up of protons and neutrons, And that is surrounded by areas where electrons are likely to be in them moving around.
Jam:Right.
Melissa:You're tracking with me?
Jam:Yes.
Melissa:So a redox reaction, all that happens is electrons move from 1 element or atom over to another atom. Okay. That's the basics of it. Okay. So when your metal rusts, your iron is losing electrons, and the oxygen is stealing electrons.
Melissa:Okay. That's it. That's what happens. But I'm gonna talk to you about The names for those Okay. Because they're kinda confusing.
Melissa:So when something gains electrons, It's known as being reduced.
Jam:Because electrons are negative?
Melissa:Yes. Good job. So it's weird to think of gaining as reducing, and I mess that up a lot. Yeah.
Jam:That's, like, really counterintuitive. Reminds me of, like, when you learn how to subtract and add with negative numbers.
Melissa:Oh, yeah.
Jam:Plus negative 50, and it's like I mean, can we just say minus d, like
Melissa:So it's yeah. It's like that for sure. And I always have to remember by this Mnemonic device they give you where they say oil rig. So oxidation is losing electrons. Reduction is gaining electrons.
Melissa:So it's really counterintuitive to think of reduction as gaining, but it's because of the charge. The charge is being reduced. So electrons are negative. It's being reduced. So, actually, the oxygen in this Reaction is being reduced.
Melissa:The oxygen gains electrons, and the metal Gives up electrons to the oxygen. So that's why we call the metal being oxidized.
Jam:Got it.
Melissa:The oxygen is acting, so it's oxidized. Does that make sense?
Jam:Yeah. It does so far.
Melissa:Okay. So that doesn't happen spontaneously. Right?
Jam:Right.
Melissa:Because you leave metal in the air and nothing happens.
Jam:Yeah. Which, like, that's definitely the most perplexing part to me. I mean, I guess like, I understand every other part, but it is, like, one of the first questions that comes to mind.
Melissa:So a lot of times, electrons need something to move around in.
Jam:Okay.
Melissa:So in the case Of this particular redox reaction, there usually is some kind of an electrolyte solution. Do you know what an electrolyte is?
Jam:Not really. I don't think.
Melissa:An electrolyte is essentially just Atoms that have gained or lost electrons that are floating around in a solution. So it's known as ions. An electrolyte solution is just a solution with ions or electrolytes floating around in it.
Jam:Okay.
Melissa:So in redox reactions, to get the electrons To flow from whatever is losing electrons to whatever is gaining electrons, you need some kind of electrolyte solution. In our case, water is that electrolyte solution.
Jam:Okay.
Melissa:Because water, although you might think of it as just h two o molecules floating around has tons of other stuff in it. It always Pretty much. And it's naturally, however you're gonna encounter it, has ions floating around in there. Got it. So leaving water on your cast iron pan and then exposing it to oxygen Means that those electrolytes dissolved in your drinking water are going to allow electrons to flow From the pan to the oxygen.
Melissa:So the iron will be oxidized, and the oxygen will be reduced. The iron loses electrons and the oxygen gains electrons.
Jam:K.
Melissa:And when that happens, then your iron has a positive charge, your oxygen has a negative charge, and then the 2 Come together to make rust, iron oxide. So iron oxide is actually an iron Ion that's lost electrons, plus oxygen, ion that's gained electrons Coming together to make a pair. Just like how sodium chloride is a sodium ion, chlorine ion come together to make a pair.
Jam:Interesting. So once 1 Mhmm. Once the oxygen gains the electrons, it's like it's kinda like it stole something from the iron, And then it's like, but hey. Wanna still be friends?
Melissa:Right. That's kind of how ionic bonds are. So
Jam:Okay.
Melissa:Ionic bonds are 1 atom Steals an electron from another, and then they hang out close together. So in salt and chlorine In table salt, sodium, and chlorine, sodium has lost an electron, chlorine has gained 1, and they just hang out together.
Jam:Interesting.
Melissa:And so iron oxide just kind of is that same way where there's a redox reaction where the iron, Pure elemental iron loses those electrons. They go over to oxygen, and then Now one's positive, one's negative, and they, boom, hang out together to cancel each other out.
Jam:Interesting.
Melissa:Mhmm. Wow. And that's how rest forms. That's what rest is.
Jam:Weird.
Melissa:And are you ready for this?
Jam:Yes. I'm ready.
Melissa:That same reaction is what runs a lot of batteries.
Jam:Where it's stealing like, what thing is losing electrons and nothing is gaining them?
Melissa:Mhmm. The redox reaction is Uh-huh. Part of what runs batteries, And that reaction is the reason the statue of liberty is green. Oh. Because the Statue of Liberty is made out of copper and copper oxidized to give you that green color.
Jam:It's so weird that its color ends up being like that.
Melissa:I know that instead of just being the same color as metal or whatever, it's rusty red or that nice green. Mhmm.
Jam:That's so weird. I wonder if it was like, oh, dang. We didn't think about this. It's supposed to be this, like, shiny bronze Kinda thing, and then hopper looking color, and then it's like, oh, it's green?
Melissa:I kinda like it.
Jam:Then it's like, well, we it's too late. We built a whole island for it, so can't do anything about it.
Melissa:Can't do anything about it. Now I just gotta look at that pretty green Lady Liberty. All that thanks to redox reactions.
Jam:Interesting. Dude, that's really weird.
Melissa:It is really weird.
Jam:Okay. I think I can do this. Ready for me to try to say it back?
Melissa:I'm ready for you to try to say it back. And once you do say it back, I have 2 more fun facts for you.
Jam:Dude, I love the fun fact thing. It kind of, like, Like, helps me look forward to and be encouraged about attempting to say this back to you. It's like, well, Either way, there's some cool tidbits waiting for me at the end finish line.
Melissa:There's there's cool tidbits. 1 has to do with The reaction itself, and one has to do with the answer to Ryan's question.
Jam:Okay. Sweet. Oh, about vinegar? Mhmm. Oh, nice.
Jam:Okay. Cool. Okay. So, iron has Electrons.
Melissa:Yep. That's a safe bet for most Elements. Alright.
Jam:I think I nailed it. We can move on then.
Melissa:The one thing is hydrogen has One electron, 2. Wouldn't work for that statement.
Jam:Nice. So the odds were definitely my favorite on on that statement.
Melissa:Definitely. Yeah.
Jam:An oxygen, in general, would want its electrons. Like, If it could have them at all the time, it would just want them?
Melissa:Yeah. Oxygen is yeah. Oxygen's gonna come around and scavenge up electrons.
Jam:Just the kind of guy oxygen is. And so
Melissa:I think, although I can't be sure. This is a bold statement for me to make. This is off The cuff. So if I'm wrong, this is just what I think. Uh-huh.
Melissa:But I think it has to do with the fact that oxygen exists as 2 radicals, which we talked about in the antioxidants episode. And I don't know that for sure, and that's just my guess As a chemist and with the information that I know, that that's why oxygen is kind of scavengy, and it likes to steal 2 electrons, 1 for each radical. That's my guess. I did not confirm that anywhere before I said it, But with the knowledge that I have, that's what I think.
Jam:Interesting chemistry controversy.
Melissa:Making bold statements.
Jam:So it wants the electrons, but most of the time, oxygen can't get at Irons, electrons. You get your pan. It's just sitting in a drawer or it's sitting on the counter or whatever. There's oxygen all around, but it it can't just get at iron's electrons.
Melissa:That's exactly right.
Jam:You put some water into the mix or anything with the electrolyte solution, like, property to it Mhmm. That could allow and has oxygen, I guess. That can allow the the transfer of electrons through it kinda like Like the highway thing we talked about the other day or, like, a bridge. Basically, something that Allows now these 2 different things to interact, and then electrons can be can go back and forth Across it Yes. If they if they would like to?
Melissa:Yes. Bridge is a great analogy.
Jam:So now these oxygens Have the the connection that they need to go over to their neighbor's Iron and ask for a cup of sugar or ask for their electrons, or really just take them, And it takes the electrons from the iron, and then they, In a weird twist, our friends
Melissa:Right. And That's right. Yeah.
Jam:Decide to hang out really close to each other, Making iron oxide or rust.
Melissa:Right. Because one's negative and one's positive.
Jam:Right. Right. And we've talked about, like, Negative and positive things liking each other and a lot of a lot of different things that that have worked well for, like, a magnet kind of analogy. And so they've become like a like some little magnet buddies, I guess, where somehow Iron's not doesn't seem to be bothered by the fact that Oxygen just just stole something from him, but, you know, we all friends.
Melissa:Perfect. We all
Jam:friends like that, I think. You know?
Melissa:Oh, definitely. That's a great that's a we all have friends who steal our stuff and then become our best friends. It's like, now you have the thing that I need because you stole it from me, so I'm gonna come hang out with you.
Jam:Your friend borrows a a book of yours, And you're like, well, I'm not sure if I wanna be friends with this person forever, but at least have to ride out our friendship until I can get my book back.
Melissa:But really, in ionic bonds, everyone is happy and stable because this reaction is occurs naturally. You don't have to put energy in to make that happen. It's going to happen as long as there's iron, water, and oxygen together. So, really, somehow, it's as if Iron wanted its friend to steal its stuff.
Jam:That's interesting. We just think of it as bad because to us, it's not good. We don't want rust in our food and stuff like that.
Melissa:Right. Definitely not or on most of our metal.
Jam:Yeah. But it's funny to think that it's not really truly bad From the point of view of the elements.
Melissa:Right. The elements are stable that way. More stable, in fact, than as pure iron.
Jam:But they just don't really care about us, I guess, is what you're saying. They're not that worried about what we're trying to cook or do or whatever.
Melissa:That's right. Are you ready for your fun facts?
Jam:Very ready, please.
Melissa:Okay. So we have 2 fun facts, and then I'm gonna go a little crazy and do a listener question.
Jam:Oh, okay.
Melissa:I mentioned this episode to real life friend and listener, Mason Kaye, and got a question out of that as well.
Jam:Nice.
Melissa:Okay. So
Jam:Did you put him in his place a little bit, though? Just to make sure he does he knows he can't just ask questions whenever he wants.
Melissa:Yeah. I said, I already have that In here.
Jam:And then maybe Okay.
Melissa:Maybe we
Jam:could be like, okay. This one time, but not but next time, no. Or we'll see. Something like that. You I'll let you decide.
Melissa:We love listener questions. So any listener question at any time, I will happily take.
Jam:That's true. It does make it fun. That's why we have a whole episode dedicated to them. It's like
Melissa:That's so true. But it just goes really well with what I was gonna already say here, so it's Perfect. So what we need in the water is not the water itself. It's all of the electrolytes dissolved in the water. Right?
Jam:Right.
Melissa:So that means, theoretically, if you could get perfectly pure water with no electrolytes in it at all, Your stuff wouldn't rust.
Jam:Oh, weird.
Melissa:But it would be very hard to get that, Especially on a pan or in any environment where iron naturally is. There's probably even salt electrolytes of some kind on the medal itself. Just hanging out from life to be very difficult.
Jam:That's crazy. So does like, with just distilled water, they're just really taking out, like, all the Dissolved solids, things like that. Right?
Melissa:Distillation is evaporating water, having it collect and cool back down from steam, so a lot of stuff has been left behind. But I don't think it's possible, unless you're in a sterile environment, for Absolutely nothing to be dissolved in that water. But it does have less, So the electrons won't flow as efficiently. So distilled water would probably rest slower, Which brings us around to Mason case question, which was, I've heard that things rust more quickly around the coast. That's because there's a lot of saltwater around the coast, And it has a lot more electrolytes dissolved in it, which means electrons can flow way more easily.
Jam:Yeah. I've known that because you gotta, like, Keep an eye on your car because just the underside of your car and different parts of it can rest way easier if you live on the coast. Stuff like that, that's Much more
Melissa:of a challenge that to work out like, you have to
Jam:look out for. That reminds me. Do you know why they call it distilled water?
Melissa:I know that it's because it's been distilled that I feel like you have a dumb joke coming, but I can't figure out what it's gonna be.
Jam:So they take a lot of
Melissa:Okay. Lay it on me.
Jam:They take a lot of stuff out of it. And when they're first doing that, they took tons of stuff out of it, and then take a sip, and then they're, like, Distilled water. No. It's it's kinda different, but it distilled water.
Melissa:I knew I knew something was coming, but I Could not figure out what it was.
Jam:That's why they call it that. Just like you know?
Melissa:So, Gosh. That's not why they call it that. Just for the listeners at home, we don't want you to be confused by Jam's crazy pun.
Jam:Sorry, guys.
Melissa:So that's one fun fact. If you took all the salt out of water, theoretically, if you could get that somehow, You wouldn't really be able to rest.
Jam:Man, that's crazy to think about.
Melissa:And on the plus on the opposite side, If you put a lot more salt into your water, it rusts much more quickly. So that's one fun fact.
Jam:Yeah. That's crazy. I would not have thought about that.
Melissa:But isn't it kinda fun?
Jam:Yeah. Oh, yeah. For sure. Unless you're on the side where there's way more salt around, and then it could be less fun for you.
Melissa:That's true. My sister lives on the coast, and I think it I think it has impacted her vehicles.
Jam:Oh, dang.
Melissa:So now let's have fun fact number 2. Okay. Originally, Ryan's question was, why does vinegar remove rust? Mhmm. So the answer to that question is that acid reacts with rust and just dissolves it, turns it into a salt plus water, and that rinses it away.
Melissa:So I think sometimes people think that it reverses the rust reaction, but it doesn't. It just removes the rust. So it it forms depending on your acids. If you have HCl, which is not one that a lot of us have around our homes
Jam:Right.
Melissa:Makes iron chloride and H two o. Mhmm. Takes the iron, pairs it with the chlorine from HCl, hydrochloric acid, and makes FeCl, and then the oxygen from the iron oxide, which is the rest, plus the Hydrogens from the acid makes water.
Jam:Interesting. So you are still losing that iron, a little bit of it?
Melissa:Well, you're losing the iron oxide. The iron that had rusted away, you're basically just rinsing that off by Making it into a new compound and washing it away.
Jam:Yeah. So, like, there's some amount of your pan that is gone. Like, it put it back into the pan or whatever. Mhmm. Got it.
Melissa:And so with the vinegar, which is a very, very dilute acid, it does that. But if you were to take the super concentrated form of the acid and pour it on your rusty thing, it would actually also React with the metal and dissolve your metal away.
Jam:Oh, really?
Melissa:Yes. Because just like your acid wants to dissolve and react with the iron when it's in the iron oxide form. It wants to interact with the iron when it's in pure elemental iron form. So acid, like vinegar, reacts with and rinses away rust, but if it's concentrated enough, it will also react with and Dissolve part of your metal.
Jam:Wow. That's crazy. So don't go using some crazy strong acids on your pans.
Melissa:Yeah. Don't, like, take your pool acid and pour it over your pan or your rusty nail or whatever it is because it will just dissolve your pan away probably.
Jam:Yers. That's so nuts. That's weird, dude.
Melissa:Isn't it weird?
Jam:Obviously, we all know that about, like it's kind of an image I think people have about some acids because we've seen it in movie or something.
Melissa:But it
Jam:is just kinda crazy to think this is a heavy piece of metal that I've got and that something can dissolve it away.
Melissa:I know. Even
Jam:if it took a long time or it took a lot of acid or whatever, just still kind of nuts.
Melissa:It is kind of nuts, but it is also, I think, very interesting. Yeah. Okay. But there's more.
Jam:Woah. There's a lot of tidbits here.
Melissa:Lot of tidbits. So you can dissolve the Iron oxide away, and you might dissolve some iron as well away. But you can run the reverse reaction And get iron, elemental iron, out of iron oxide. And And there are some scientists who are doing it and watching, I think, with an electron microscope, how that process works. But it takes a lot of energy, and it's not worth it to fix your rusty pans or whatever.
Jam:Yeah.
Melissa:But you can do it. With a lot of energy, you can run the reverse reaction and get your iron back.
Jam:Interesting.
Melissa:So that's possible.
Jam:That's crazy.
Melissa:Oh, and there's 1 more fun fact I forgot to tell you about.
Jam:Please.
Melissa:I just really got excited clearly as you can tell while I was doing this one. So the last fun fact is that sometimes soil looks reddish. Mhmm. You know that rusty, sandy soil color? Yeah.
Melissa:And that's because there's iron in the ground, and it oxidizes and forms that reddish color in soil.
Jam:Right. Because, like, if it is there, then it's pretty much definitely gonna be around water.
Melissa:Mhmm.
Jam:Interesting. So that's a lot of soils that are reddish, Pretty much are gonna have some amount of iron in them.
Melissa:Yeah. And I found this really cool website from the United States Department of Agriculture that talks about the color of soil and all these different iron complexes that have different colors. So you can have iron that makes a yellow when it's mixed with certain things. You can have iron that makes dark red, that makes black. It could do all kinds of fun stuff.
Melissa:So soil color has a lot to do with the iron minerals that are in the ground.
Jam:Interesting. It's so weird to think of Rust as not just the annoying thing that forms on stuff that we're trying to use that gets wet or whatever over time. It's just so weird to think of it as this part of everyday life that is also around us in other ways like soil or whatever. It's just kind of like in this category of my mind, like old stuff, or a mistake you made by leaving something out in the rain or whatever. It's like
Melissa:it's just in that category so strongly. It's so weird to think of
Jam:it as, like, no. It just happens. And, actually, at least the elements themselves are fine with it. Mhmm. And it's everywhere else, and it's not it's not, Like, bad or good or whatever.
Jam:It's just is.
Melissa:I know. Isn't that so Crazy and cool?
Jam:Yeah. That is crazy.
Melissa:So that's that's it. That's what I have for you.
Jam:Dude, nice. That was interesting.
Melissa:It was so fun. It was fun researching it. Rust was a lot more multidimensional. I mean, I knew a lot of that from Being in school that I didn't really know all the different colors of soil, and I didn't know that the acid was dissolving away, the rust, And even sometimes the medal. I learned a lot.
Melissa:It was fun.
Jam:Dude, that's crazy. I also don't think I knew I mean, I knew that vinegar could vinegar could do a lot. I didn't I don't think I knew that you could just use that to get rust away.
Melissa:I don't know if it's always just easy as pie. I think maybe sometimes you have to soak it. I don't know. But Mhmm. It it can do the job.
Jam:Dude, interesting. Russ.
Melissa:Way to go, Russ. Keeping us keeping us honest since I don't know. I got nothing. I got no idea of how long Russ been keeping us honest.
Jam:Thanks for us for being a good analog for what a lot of friendships are like.
Melissa:Alright. Well and on the note of friendship, do you have any happy things? Maybe did your friends make you happy this week?
Jam:That's not what I was my friends did. I mean, I guess my friends are always probably in some way making me happy and are definitely a very enjoyable part of Life. But the thing I was gonna share about my week that was kinda cool, was a work project that I've been doing that I've, for the most part, wrapped up as of today.
Melissa:Woo hoo.
Jam:I'm just, like, pumped about it because it went went really well. It's my 1st official project writing copy for web pages, and I haven't really had a project like this, but a guy was like, hey. Could you do this you think? I was like, absolutely. I'll try, and I was give do my best.
Jam:And so I submitted all the Copy I wrote for these pages today and got, like, very emphatic emphatically positive feedback on it. And it's just that feeling you get whenever you've done anything at all, remotely took effort, especially something like new that you haven't really done very much of. Right. And that you basically just get told that you did a really good job, and it just like, there's not really a feeling like it.
Melissa:Yeah. Right. It's just the satisfaction of the job well done.
Jam:Yes. Exactly. Exactly. So that was a big highlight of my week this week. How about you?
Melissa:I've kinda talked about my PhD program. So it consists of your classes and then taking these big exams, And then you write your dissertation. So I'm taking my big exams, and I've taken all the written ones, and then I have to propose A research idea and defend it. So that's called an oral qualifying exam, basically. Uh-huh.
Melissa:I have to write up a proposal In the form of if I was gonna submit it to be awarded money for a grant. Mhmm. And I Hate it. And I I'm not really good at writing. Literally, while I was taking my exams at one point, I was like, I wish I could just learn all this information and then have a nice chat, which is what we do in the podcast.
Melissa:You know? So Yeah. Yeah. So I'm just not good at writing. I'm not good at being motivated, and then I feel like I should be doing more, and it's just really hard.
Melissa:So That is where I've been, but I got to 4 full pages of first draft writing As of yesterday
Jam:Nice.
Melissa:And I sent it to my adviser and said, this is not ready for edits, But I just wanted you to know that I am working and making progress.
Jam:Nice. See, that's great.
Melissa:So that almost like your job well done feels like I have passed a milestone. I have started the hardest part. I've got 1st draft writing done, and now I have a Product to shape and hopefully turn into something that means I can move past this Roadblock. So
Jam:Dude, congrats. That's great. That's great news.
Melissa:Congrats to you too. We had nice productivity moments this week. That's exciting. Error 5, virtual 5 Virtual 5. 5.
Melissa:Thanks for coming and learning about Rust, and thanks all of you listeners for indulging my several fun facts at the end and big excitement moments because I had a lot of fun writing this episode.
Jam:Thanks so much for teaching us. Melissa and I have a lot of ideas for topics of chemistry in everyday life, but we wanna hear from you. In fact, some of the best ideas have come from you guys. So do you
Melissa:If you have questions absolutely true. Yeah. If you have
Jam:questions or ideas, you can reach out to us on Gmail, Twitter, Instagram, Facebook at chem for your life. That's kem, f o r, Your life to share thoughts and ideas. If you enjoy this podcast, you can subscribe on your favorite podcast app. If you really like it, you can write a review on Apple Podcasts. That helps us to be able to share chemistry with even more people.
Jam:If you like to help us keep our show going and contribute to cover the cost of making it, go to kodashfi dotcom/chem for your life, and note the cost of a cup of coffee.
Melissa:This episode of Chemistry For Life was created by Melissa Colini and Jame Robinson, and references for this episode can be found in our show notes or on our website. Robinson is our producer, and we'd like to give a special thanks to a and a Hefner who reviewed this episode.
