How do color-changing mugs change color?
Hey. I'm Melissa.
Jam:I'm Jam.
Melissa:And I'm a chemist.
Jam:And I'm not.
Melissa:And welcome to Chemistry For Your Life.
Jam:The podcast helps to understand the chemistry of your everyday life.
Melissa:Okay, Jim. How are you doing today?
Jam:I'm good. How about you?
Melissa:I'm great. I've been having a more chill week because I finished all those 1,000,000 assignments that I had.
Jam:Nice.
Melissa:So that's exciting. And I still have work to do, obviously, and I'm likely going to be teaching assistant over the summer and all of that, but I'm kind of on a Little bit of a summer break. It's just less stressful work. You know?
Jam:That's so nice. Yeah. That's very nice.
Melissa:Such a great time.
Jam:Yeah.
Melissa:Well, I'm very excited about our topic today.
Jam:What is it going to be?
Melissa:The topic for this week is a question from Your wife, Emily
Jam:Uh-huh.
Melissa:And we got a message from a high school chemistry teacher named Steve s, and they both Both asked the same question.
Jam:Nice.
Melissa:Their question is, how do color changing mugs work? Oh. How do they change color?
Jam:Right. How do the color changing mugs change color?
Melissa:Right.
Jam:Interesting.
Melissa:I'm pretty excited about this. I didn't know, but it is, Of course, very chemistry related.
Jam:Yeah. It's gotta be. Gotta be. Somebody I I know I know somebody who says that, like, Chemistry. Like, everything's chemistry related.
Jam:I can't remember who said that, but somebody was saying that.
Melissa:Do you?
Jam:Yeah. I heard it somewhere. I think I read it Online, maybe.
Melissa:Probably. Yeah. Probably not anyone you know said that. Right.
Jam:Yeah. It sounds just too too grand of a statement to really Basically, I know it's gotta be like maybe da Vinci or something like that said that.
Melissa:Well, the very basic answer the basicest answer Uh-huh. That I can give you
Jam:Okay.
Melissa:Is that some molecules change color in different conditions.
Jam:Okay.
Melissa:So that's like a super, super, super very basic answer, and people already maybe knew that or sort of thought it was true. Mhmm. But when you think about it, it's pretty crazy. Because when I think of molecules or compounds, I think of their color being fixed. You know?
Melissa:Yeah.
Jam:So these some of the other ones are just allowed to do that whenever they want to or what?
Melissa:They're just allowed to do that whenever they want. I mean, something specific conditions change them, and we'll talk more about that.
Jam:Okay.
Melissa:And some, it's just with temperature.
Jam:Okay.
Melissa:So that's the very basic answer.
Jam:Yeah.
Melissa:So I found a great article on the use of thermochromism, which is the technical word for changing color with heat, thermochromism
Jam:Okay.
Melissa:Or thermochromic. Mhmm. So I found a great article using thermochromism in commercial products, and it sort of just explained the chemistry of different ways that they do that.
Jam:Mhmm.
Melissa:So there are 2 main ways. 1 is something that I think some people have probably heard of before. At least someone I knew who wasn't a chemist knew about it, and I thought, okay. Maybe some people have heard of this. I hadn't heard of it before.
Jam:Yeah.
Melissa:And that is thermochromic liquid crystals. So, basically, they're crystalline, but still in the liquid form, and their structure can rearrange when the Temperature rearranges.
Jam:Weird.
Melissa:The way they interact with each other. Yeah. We're not gonna get into that today because there are a lot of other applications, I think it would be worth it for us to do an episode on that all by itself.
Jam:Okay.
Melissa:So that can be in commercial products. But another one that's used in commercial products is organic dyes. And as an organic chemist, I personally think that's more interesting and fun. So we're gonna talk about how organic dyes work. So the reason this question came up is because well, from Emily.
Melissa:I think Steve just was interested. Mhmm. Is because Emily has a mug that has mister Rogers on it.
Jam:Mhmm.
Melissa:We love mister Rogers in this house in our houses.
Jam:Mhmm.
Melissa:Yep. Me, Jam, and Emily.
Jam:Absolutely.
Melissa:If you haven't seen the documentary or the Tom Hanks, mister Rogers movie, go see it right Yeah.
Jam:Stop listening to our podcast right now. You can pick it up later and go watch those movies.
Melissa:I agree. But come back and listen later so you find out how the mug works.
Jam:And it's a little it's a lot to ask you to watch 2 movies in a row in the middle of your day when you thought you're just gonna listen to podcast. So maybe we'll be a little lenient. Just please do it.
Melissa:Or just add it to your watch list maybe. Anyway, so after we saw these movies, I got Emily this color changing mug as a gift. And it's mister Rogers, and he's got a suit jacket on, and then it changes into his cardigan just like he does.
Jam:Right.
Melissa:And it's the The nice yellow cardigan. Mhmm. So we're gonna talk about how these mugs work, and then I'm gonna tell you specifically how that applies to that color changing mug.
Jam:Awesome. Yeah. Yeah. I've seen this mug change its colors many times because I'll make coffee for him in it or often does make coffee and then just pour it into it or whatever. And it's kinda fun to watch it it change.
Jam:Sometimes it starts from The middle and then goes out depending on, how hot the coffee is or when you how much you pour in it once or whatever. Or you put
Melissa:creamer can If
Jam:you put creamer first, then the bottom's cold, and then yeah. It's kinda interesting.
Melissa:We can post a video of it changing colors. I think that'd be fun.
Jam:Let's do it.
Melissa:So thermochromic mugs, my understanding is they don't use the liquid crystals as much and that There's more of the use of these organic dyes in those, but I'm not positive. But based on how I know Emily's mug works From observing it and the information I read, my assumption is that that mug in particular is an organic dye. So honorable mention to the liquid crystals and switching gears to focus on the organic dyes.
Jam:Okay.
Melissa:And these are interesting. And part of why I really wanted to talk about them is because, actually, organic dyes don't change color because the temperature changes. Oh, weird. I know. So they actually change color based on the acidity.
Melissa:Oh. So more acidic or less acidic will change the color of the dye. And usually, the dyes that they use in these organic dye thermochromic mugs are what's called leucodyes. I think that's how you pronounce it. It's l e u c o, leucodyes.
Melissa:And what that means is at least under some conditions, they are colorless. And other un other conditions, they're brightly colored.
Jam:Okay.
Melissa:Now I want you to think all the way back to when we talked about color and bleach and antioxidants. Those are 2 episodes. We talked about the same things.
Jam:Mhmm.
Melissa:And remember, color was due to those alternating double bonds
Jam:Right.
Melissa:That allowed it to absorb light in the visible region and reflect back light in the visible region.
Jam:Right.
Melissa:The name for those alternating double bonds was? Can you remember?
Jam:Oh, man. Let me think for a second. The name for the Alternating double bonds. Can you give me, like, a small hint? Is it possible even to do that?
Melissa:Starts with con. Con. Con.
Jam:Man, I gotta get this. Is it conjugate conjugation?
Melissa:Yes. Oh, weird. So those conjugated double bonds
Jam:Okay.
Melissa:Is alternating double bonds. And when there's enough of them, the electrons move around on this electron highway almost. They have freedom to move around, and they absorb because of that Electron movements are able to absorb in the visible region.
Jam:Okay.
Melissa:Okay. So these dyes, These Leuco dyes that are sometimes colorless and sometimes very colored Mhmm. Highly colored. The way that the acidity changes those color conditions is, basically, It interrupts the conjugation or lets the conjugation happen. So I thought of it Almost as a floodgate.
Jam:Oh, wow.
Melissa:So under the right conditions, they put up a blocker Mhmm. Like a dam so that water can't flow, the electrons can't flow. Yeah. And then under other conditions, that's open, and the electrons can flow.
Jam:Oh, wow. Okay. Got it.
Melissa:So when it's blocked and the electrons can't flow, the conjugation is cut short, and those compounds don't have the color, and they become colorless.
Jam:Wow. Weird.
Melissa:But when you open the gate, the electrons can move freely, and then their Hi. Color is back.
Jam:That's crazy. So wait. What is it what is it that's actually, like, blocking doing the blocking?
Melissa:So that might be a little complicated and a little beyond the scope, but I try to think of it as almost like What we saw in Bleach when the electrons were following this highway of the alternating double bonds, And then we'd break a sing a double bond and make it a single bond.
Jam:Mhmm. And
Melissa:then the electrons cannot flow anymore.
Jam:Right.
Melissa:So it's basically that same thing, only it's a reversible reaction.
Jam:Okay.
Melissa:So you can Break it or unbreak it. You can stop the flow or open the flow back up. And based on the organic structure, there's a lot of different ways you could possibly accomplish this goal of making the electrons flow or not. Yeah. Does that make sense?
Jam:Yeah. It does. And it's interesting to think about it kind of at at first, it's already blocked. And so, really, it's like almost like the floodgate's already down. He's trying to find a way to raise it rather than it being like, There's this color happening.
Jam:We had to stop it. It's more like, if we can remove this thing, we can allow it the color to happen. That's, like, so weird.
Melissa:I know. It is so weird. I had never I don't know why. I've thought a lot about how some things work and wondered at length, But until we got this question, I had never wondered.
Jam:Yeah.
Melissa:Now I'm thinking, that is insane, actually. Yeah. That these molecules would just change color. Well, especially So
Jam:I I'd love to think about how, like, this is so fascinating. And in this specific application, it's just for fun.
Melissa:I know. It's fun to have
Jam:fun to have a mug of miss Ryder that does this. And it's like, Surely, obviously, this was discovered in some other cooler way, in a way that was like, you know, maybe there's a different application for it or, you know, who knows? And I bet I bet I mean, I bet the intent was not. Now it wouldn't it be nice if we could have Some mug that could just change some color for once? Like, jeez.
Jam:Look at all these mugs. So boring. Come on.
Melissa:Well, I will say There was mention of them using the other dyes in medical applications, but also they talked about how they've made a thermochromic thread Now that can be knitted with that just changes color based on the temperature. What? I know. And They talked about how a lot of these things were developed by manufacturers and used before they understood them. Like, even now, there's a lot of unknowns in some of the more complex versions of the organic dyes.
Jam:That's crazy. Man.
Melissa:I know. Just the way the paper said it was kind of like, so you guys are just throwing stuff on, and you have no idea what how this works. That's crazy. But, I mean, there is enough understanding to know how some of it works. You know?
Jam:Right. Right. Right.
Melissa:And to have the basic idea. But I just thought that was funny.
Jam:That is funny.
Melissa:So circling back around, we've talked about the fact that there are color changing mugs. Some commercial products use these liquid crystals whose structure rearranges the way the crystals are formed, rearranges to change color. Honorable mention, not gonna go into that today.
Jam:Yeah. Yeah.
Melissa:And another one is these organic dyes. And these organic dyes have Either multiple or 1 dye that's colorless at different conditions of acidity Mhmm. Or highly colored at different conditions of acidity. And the way that it goes back and forth is depending on if it's acidic conditions or not acidic conditions. The electron highway is open to have all kinds of movement and good light absorption in the visible region, where the electron highway is closed off, floodgates closed, electrons can't get through, and then it's going to be colorless.
Melissa:It's not going to absorb in the visible region.
Jam:Right.
Melissa:So that's where we're at to this point. But we have to answer the question. How does the acidity change with heat?
Jam:Yeah. How does it?
Melissa:Jim's squinting his eyes like, wait a minute.
Jam:Like, yeah. Wait a second. You haven't explained the most important part yet. You can't pull 1 over on me.
Melissa:I can't pull 1 on, Ron. You you were gonna let me off scotch free without explaining that.
Jam:Well, if you hadn't said something about the city having to change and not being heat, then I might have not thought to ask about it. But That's true. That plays totally against my expectations about how these things work in the 1st place. Like, the most fundamental part of it that any any of us, like, people would say, like, Oh, yes. It's because it's getting hot or whatever.
Jam:Like, well, not exactly. That's already enough to be like, okay. Interesting. I I'm already wrong.
Melissa:Yeah. I know. Well and I didn't even really think about it either as I probably should have, but it didn't even occur to me that that's likely what it would have done. Mhmm. So there's a thing a concept in chemistry called equilibrium.
Melissa:Do you remember that from taking or from taking general chemistry?
Jam:I I don't that's not really coming to mind. I feel like I've just heard that word a lot, but, like, describing back to you what it Meant in in when I was what I was taught about it, I just I can't nothing's nothing's coming to mind.
Melissa:Well, the this is an idea that is based sort of in the fact that chemistry is atoms and electrons, and things are constantly moving.
Jam:Mhmm.
Melissa:We draw it on paper like a plus b equals c. And I think it can be easy to imagine, like, we take Eggs and flour and all this stuff and mix it together, and then we get cookies, and that's it.
Jam:Right.
Melissa:But, really, in chemistry, things are moving around so much that a plus b equals c, but that c can break back up into a and b. And it's A lot is happening all at once. There's a lot more going on than just we mix these ingredients together and get cookies. It almost would be more like The ingredients are mixing and making cookies and then breaking back up and going back to the ingredients and then making cookies again, and it just goes back and forth, back and forth. But eventually, it will balance out to reach an equilibrium.
Melissa:Mhmm. And that's different for each reaction. The best way I can kinda describe it is Usually, there'll be more of either the products or the reactant. So there'll be either more cookies or more ingredients depending on What the reaction is.
Jam:Got it. Is is it a similar idea, or is it not even close to, like, in biology and anatomy, like homeostasis where things are kind of ebbing and flowing a lot, but they their balance is trying to be struck in some way.
Melissa:May maybe. I don't know much about homeostasis, so that makes it harder to answer that question, but I think that's kind of a good idea of it.
Jam:Well, I'll tell you this. You should look into it. It's really cool, and everybody's doing it.
Melissa:Everyone's doing it because your bodies are doing it because you have to be at homeostasis To survive.
Jam:It's very popular.
Melissa:I just had to think through that joke real quick. So maybe homeostasis is close because in the end, when an equilibrium is reached, it's like there's Not a lot of concentration change after that.
Jam:Okay.
Melissa:But you can use certain things to sort of push an equilibrium to one side or the other. So for example, if you're making Carbon dioxide
Jam:Mhmm.
Melissa:In your reaction and you keep it trapped in. That's carbon dioxide's a gas. You keep it trapped in a bubble. Yeah. Carbon dioxide is made.
Melissa:Eventually, probably, an equilibrium will be reached with the carbon dioxide and the reactants. But if you open up your bubble, the carbon dioxide's gonna be flowing away, and all their products are gonna react until they're all gone because no equilibrium is gonna be struck up.
Jam:Got it.
Melissa:So that's sort of an example of controlling equilibrium. That's a pretty You learn equilibrium in general chemistry, and you learn about Le Chatelier's principle, which is how you can kind of control it. But it's a pretty complex topic to focus on on top of our thermochromic mug discussion.
Jam:Got it.
Melissa:Because we're talking about electron highways, conjugation. We're talking about Acid and base, and we're talking about equilibrium. So this is a little bit of a lot of concepts that we have touched on.
Jam:Right.
Melissa:And then equilibrium is the new one.
Jam:Okay.
Melissa:I would be surprised if that didn't come back up.
Jam:Mhmm.
Melissa:But in this instance, they essentially use heat To push the equilibrium to one side or the other. To make it more acidic or more basic because the acid and base is going to be present in equilibrium, and you can push it to one side or the other.
Jam:Got it.
Melissa:Does that make sense?
Jam:Yeah. It does. So, Basically, they've kind of been able to either arrange it to where or they just found out it's the case that, like, could have my as soon as I didn't really know what the how it worked, but Yeah. Where it just the presence of heat is able to to nudge the equilibrium more toward For the acidic fan, you said?
Melissa:So I don't feel with confidence, I can say without knowing a little bit more which side of the equilibrium, the heat would shift it to to more acidic or more basic, just that the heat will shift the equilibrium.
Jam:Okay.
Melissa:Okay. So that's a lot. Yeah. But that's it. So most likely, in your mister Rogers mug Uh-huh.
Melissa:You pour that coffee in, and the heat starts this chain reaction of changing One thing that changes, another thing that makes color change.
Jam:Man. Do you
Melissa:wanna explain it back to me?
Jam:I do. This is this is a tough one. It's it's more complicated than I expected. I'm not really sure what I expected
Melissa:in the beginning. Well, I think It's a little bit complicated because you've got 3 big organic chemistry topics actually present.
Jam:Mhmm. And
Melissa:so I'm trying to Kinda rein it in to where we're not digging super deep in all 3 of them Mhmm. Which makes it a little bit harder because we're just skimming the surface of them and how They work together.
Jam:Yeah.
Melissa:But you can go more in-depth, like, on the conjugation one back in our episodes on Bleach and antioxidants. Mhmm. And you can go more in-depth on acid base in our conversation on what makes baking soda and baking powder different. Mhmm. So you have other things that you can go back and learn more, and then you've got this new thing about equilibrium also mixed in.
Jam:Yeah.
Melissa:So I'm doing a lot. I'm just Throwing a bunch of stuff at you right now.
Jam:I think I can do it, but, you know, see what happens. So
Melissa:I believe in you. I tell my students I believe in them before every exam. So this is your exam, and I believe in you.
Jam:Okay. Thanks, mister Rogers. So okay. If you know what's good for you, You drink coffee. And when you drink coffee, and you use your mister Rogers mug that we all have, You pour the coffee into it, and the coffee's hot.
Jam:And that's just part of it. It's not really the main reason, but It's just part of the beginning of this process where that kinda going backwards here, but that Messes with the equilibrium in this coating on the outside to where these highways can open up. Like the the plug in analogy. I was thinking, like, too. We were, like I mean, traffic is a go into where there's, like, construction.
Jam:And it's like I live right off a road that was, like, under construction for, like, years. And Yeah. It was just so rough. Now it's one of the fastest ways across town. It's like if you just remove all that stuff, it's in the way, and you have a straight shot, then it's way faster.
Jam:So then these electrons are able to move really fast or whatever, freely. And then they can absorb and reflect light, which is a callback to, Yeah. The main topic of another episode, which allows them to then rather than being clear when we're looking at the mug, Actually, able to absorb and reflect the yellow oh, that's not absorbing yellow light. Oh, man. Isn't it like the
Melissa:opposite on the opposite and reflecting the yellow.
Jam:Absorbing the opposite and reflecting the yellow. And That is it, I guess. I don't know. Man, dude, that's tough.
Melissa:Yeah. You did great. I think that was a great explanation. The traffic analogy is a good one where It's just clogged up here, and we can't cars can't evenly flow through here, and that keeps it from functioning in the same way. Mhmm.
Melissa:So when you open this or close this construction site, your electrons can flow or they can't. The structure of the compound doesn't maybe matter as much.
Jam:Yeah.
Melissa:And I can maybe put a picture of a die and show you where the highway is blocked off and the highway is has free flow.
Jam:Yeah.
Melissa:That might be nice for you guys to see. It would maybe be confusing to see organic structures, but it might be fun.
Jam:Yeah. That'd be helpful, I think. But I did not
Melissa:give did a great job.
Jam:I did not give a shout out to the other type of, what's the word? Don't say it. Chromatic? What? Dermachromic.
Jam:Dermachromic. Which is the crystals. In this case, this is the an or organic dye. Right. Sweet.
Melissa:The crystals is our honorable mention. The is the one you described.
Jam:Shout out, thermochromic crystals. Love you. Love your work. Don't have time to go into it, but just shout out. Keep doing you doing your thing.
Melissa:I will say my suspicion is that, actually, it was the opposite of what you said. I think the coating on mister Rogers is the part that is the dime. So it's the black suit, and I think that heats up and the color becomes clear. Oh. That's my suspicion because when I looked really closely at it and sort of felt the texture, that's the part that seems different.
Jam:And
Melissa:the way these Dyes work is they have to be suspended in some kind of thing that can be put on and held as a solid state on your mug. So I think That is actually the color part, but that's pure speculation.
Jam:Interesting thing. Yeah. Weird.
Melissa:Could be either way. I'm not 100% sure. That's just my instinct.
Jam:Dang. It's crazy. Weird to think which one. Like, obviously, we we we know When we use it, it starts out one way and changes to another. And so I just think, like, oh, yeah.
Jam:It's gotta be it. Like, that's the way it is. But if it's really the other way, Because that's sort of the way easier way to make it happen with science. Just, like, kind of, ugh, it's kinda weird. And be even We're already 1 separate move from what I expected about this kind of thing, which I thought just the heat is fine.
Jam:That's enough. Like, no. Sorry. Heat causes a thing, then causes a thing, then causes a thing.
Melissa:It changes the color. Why I wanted to do that is because think it would be easy for people to be like, yeah. He changes things, and then it wouldn't feel as, like, a fun new thing. Yeah. But I found I was surprised when I found that they actually do basically a combination of the dye and then this they call the acid Changing conditions at a dye developer.
Melissa:So I didn't know that they had those 2 things and they could, you know Mhmm. Change the color that way. I learned too, and that's what I think is exciting.
Jam:Dang. That's crazy.
Melissa:So yeah. And it was
Jam:right under our noses. This crazy scientific advancement was in our mugs, and it felt like I even had, like, a pen or pencil or something like that that Like, with you're holding it and it changed colors at from your the heat of your fingers. Just something like that. That's like you've always had you've always had as kids Growing up.
Melissa:Those also could be using the crystals as well. Oh, right. I'm not sure how to look. I don't know enough to know how to look and know, like, the these are the crystals and these are the know, I don't know enough to know that, but that's it for the chemistry.
Jam:Man, kinda crazy. I was not the a very straightforward thing. I had twists and turns and Ups and downs and revenge and political unrest, all the makings Political. Of a good story.
Melissa:There was some political unrest in some previous episodes, but Yeah. Thankfully, not in here.
Jam:Yeah.
Melissa:Yeah. It was a good all the makings of a good story for sure. Well, Was there anything from your week that you wanna share? Anything happy happened to you this week?
Jam:It's been a lot of just being at home like everybody else, but, My wife and I did get to celebrate our 5 year anniversary this past week, and so we probably didn't get to do what Perhaps we'd normally wanna do and, like, you know, go fancy dinner, that kind of stuff. But, really cool to get to talk about that together and think about How fast these 5 years have flown by and just kinda talk about some fun memories and stuff like that. So always cool to get a chance to reminisce a little bit And, kinda makes you thankful and and reminds you of good memories you kinda don't think about every day or whatever. But yeah.
Melissa:Yeah.
Jam:So Really, glad we've made it to 5 years. It's awesome.
Melissa:That's so sweet. Congratulations on 5 years. Happy anniversary.
Jam:Thank you. Yeah. Yeah. Anyone could do it. You can do it.
Melissa:Anyone could do it. Yeah. I don't know. Marriage seems hard. I think it really is a sacrifice and Trying to care about the other person and find compromise.
Melissa:You know? So
Jam:True. True. True.
Melissa:That's impressive.
Jam:Yeah. I wasn't trying to say it's easy, but I do think anyone can do it.
Melissa:Anyone probably could do it. Yeah. Well, I'm impressed. Congratulations.
Jam:Yeah. Thank you. What about you? How's your week been?
Melissa:Well, I too have been in a relationship for 5 years, a relationship with my education, graduate school education. I I mean, for those of you who don't know everything, I was working on my PhD in organic chemistry, and then I decided I just really loved the science communication and education research side of things. So I switched over, which means that I kinda had to hit the reset button.
Jam:Mhmm.
Melissa:And A big milestone is finishing your written qualifying exams and doing, an oral exam where you Present a big proposal of some research projects, and you ask a lot of questions. Mhmm. And I finished, I think, hopefully, if I passed, my last few written qualifying exams, which I'd already taken for the 1st PhD I was working on and didn't get. And so it's been kind of a whole convoluted time, but it's really exciting to be done with those. Yeah.
Melissa:And then moving on to the next step. So that's a pretty exciting thing, and I've, you know, finished up my semester and finished those up really close together and have had a little bit of a break, and Now I'm looking forward to the next thing that's coming. But it is all weird kind of what you're saying for your anniversary. It's just weird to Have that big exciting thing in the middle of such a weird time, you know, and kinda worried about what's happening as the state is opening back up and Being concerned about people's safety, it's just like a new world Yeah. With this going on.
Melissa:And so just, You know, kind of a bittersweet time where, normally, I would be so elated about finishing up that portion of things, and instead, I'm just kind of, I'm happy, but it's just a weird time. Totally. You know?
Jam:Totally. Yeah. Absolutely. Definitely a weird time.
Melissa:But I always love doing The podcast, it always cheers me up, and I'm so glad that we've been able to keep pushing forward remotely.
Jam:Yeah. Absolutely. Thanks, technology, for being good for us.
Melissa:Thanks, Cent technology, and thanks, Jam, for knowing how to use technology. And thanks to all of you guys for coming and listening to This week's episode and learning about how thermochromic mugs work, I really loved it.
Jam:Me too. It was very interesting. And Melissa and I have a lot of ideas for topics of chemistry in everyday life, but we do wanna hear from you ideas just like color changing mugs. So if you have questions or ideas, you can reach out to us on Gmail, Twitter, Instagram, Facebook at chem for your life. That's you enjoy this podcast, you can subscribe in your favorite podcast app.
Jam:And if you really like it, you can write a review on Apple Podcasts. That helps us to be able to share chemistry with even more people. If you'd like to help us keep our show going and contribute to cover the costs of making it, go to kodashfi.com/ Chem for your life, and donate the cost of a cup of coffee.
Melissa:This episode of Chemistry For Your Life was created by Melissa Colini and Jam Robinson. References for this episode can be found on our show notes or on our website. Jame Robinson is our producer, and we'd like to give a special thanks to a Hefner and a who reviewed this episode.
